Neuromusculoskeletal dynamics during standing for the use in fes therapy

The dynamics of the plantarflexor muscles introduce a considerable delay in the postural control system of standing, destabilizing standing balance. Such dynamics had to be considered when developing a closed-loop controller for standing balance using functional electrical stimulation (FES). This presentation summarizes our findings on the effect of the muscle dynamics on the physiological control system of human bipedal standing, and on our FES controller for standing balance therapy involving the muscle dynamics characteristics.