effect of insertion factors on dental implant insertion torque/ energy

Insertion torque and insertion energy for dental implants are influenced by bone density, implant geometry, surface roughness, and drill protocol to different degrees. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of these factors on insertion torque and energy. Torque, displacement, and twist angle were measured during the insertion procedure. Energy was calculated from the torque-twist angle curve. Bone surrogate density and drill protocol were primary factors of insertion torque and energy, which may be associated with threads forming during the first insertion.