Biomechanical implications of the development of countermeasures for extended exposure to microgravity

Long-duration human exposure to microgravity in spaceflight causes various musculoskeletal adaptations. Space agencies have developed varied countermeasure programs to maintain astronaut fitness in these conditions. The documented findings and development of these programs have been researched for indications of the efficacy of approaches. The reported trends have been summarized and biomechanical implications have been analyzed as a potential direction for future research.