Varus-valgus component malalignments during total knee arthroplasty can elevate tibial forces and ligament tensions during level walking and stair climbing

Using a probabilistic modelling framework, we demonstrated that some combinations of varus-valgus component malalignments from the native joint lines during total knee arthroplasty caused elevated tibial forces and ligament tensions during both level walking and stair climbing. Thus, avoiding these cases (e.g., both components malaligned to distract the same side of the knee) might help surgeons to reduce the risk of pain, stiffness and decreased function post-operatively.